Domestic violence, which encompasses intimate partner violence (IPV),* refers to physical, sexual, or psychological harm inflicted by a current or former partner or spouse. Domestic violence is associated with a wide range of adverse physical and mental health concerns.

Domestic violence affects individuals across all demographic groups and is common. Recent national data indicate that more than one in three women and one in four men in the U.S. have experienced IPV in their lifetime (1,2). Additionally, gender-diverse populations face disproportionate risk, with recent estimates indicating high lifetime exposure to violence among transgender individuals (3).

Domestic violence accounts for a substantial proportion of violent crimes and represents a critical public health issue (4). Given its prevalence, all individuals may be at risk, although certain populations are more vulnerable.

Help is available: National Domestic Violence Hotline,
call 1-800-799-SAFE (7233), or text START to 88788.
See more resources at right.

Forms of Domestic Violence

Domestic violence encompasses several forms, including:

• Physical violence: Use of physical force such as hitting, kicking, or other forms of harm.
• Sexual violence: Coercion or attempted coercion into sexual acts without consent.
• Stalking: Repeated, unwanted attention or contact causing fear or concern for safety.
• Psychological aggression: Verbal and non-verbal behaviors intended to harm emotionally or exert control.

These forms often co-occur and contribute to cumulative trauma exposure (5).

Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations

Although IPV affects all populations, disparities exist. Higher risk groups include:

• Adolescents and young adults
• Individuals with low socioeconomic status or educational attainment
• Those exposed to adverse childhood experiences
• Sexual and gender minority populations
• Individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions

Structural and social determinants, such as inequality, stigma, and limited access to resources, play a significant role in shaping these risks (5,6).

Domestic violence is strongly associated with psychiatric problems, including increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior (7). Exposure to chronic trauma contributes to emotional dysregulation, fear, and social isolation, which may further exacerbate mental health conditions.

Domestic violence survivors frequently internalize abuse, leading to self-blame, diminished self-esteem, and difficulty forming future relationships.

Physical health consequences are also significant. Survivors often report:

• Acute injuries and chronic pain
• Headaches, gastrointestinal symptoms, and sleep disturbances
• Reproductive health complications, including unintended pregnancies

Emerging evidence highlights several less-recognized consequences, such as traumatic brain injury and nonfatal strangulation, which carry long-term neurological and psychiatric risks (1).

Domestic violence is also associated with increased mortality risk. A substantial proportion of female homicide victims in the United States are killed by intimate partners (4).

Barriers to Disclosure and Care

Despite the significant health burden, many survivors do not disclose the abuse or seek care. Common barriers include:

• Fear of retaliation
• Distrust in legal or healthcare systems
• Stigma and discrimination
• Feelings of shame, guilt, or self-blame

Healthcare professionals may also fail to identify IPV due to a lack of screening or training (7).

Supporting Survivors: Clinical and Community Approaches

Providing support requires a trauma-informed and patient-centered approach (7). Key strategies include:

“No matter the circumstances, survivors deserve to be supported in their decision-making and empowered to reclaim control over their own lives.” – National Domestic Violence Hotline

• Acknowledging the survivor’s experience and validating that abuse is not their fault
• Offering emotional support and active listening
• Respecting autonomy and decision-making
• Avoiding judgment or pressure
• Ensuring confidentiality and safety

Clinicians and community members should also:

• Provide access to resources (e.g., hotlines, legal aid, shelters)
• Encourage social support and engagement
• Assist in developing individualized safety plans

Recent national estimates indicate:

• Severe physical violence: 1 in 3 women; 1 in 4 men (1,2)
• Rape: 9% of women
• Other sexual violence: 16% of women
• Stalking: 9% of women

Notably, many individuals experience their first victimization during adolescence or young adulthood, which underscores the importance of early prevention and education (1,5).

*This page uses the term domestic violence with a focus primarily on intimate partner violence (IPV).

  References

Physician Review

Ruby C. Castilla-Puentes, M.D., Dr.P.H., M.B.A. 
Member, APA Council on Communications
Member, APA Spanish Language Communications Working Group
President, APA Hispanic Caucus
President and Founder WARMI – Women’s Mental Health

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